LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

MERICA. 



UNITED STATES 



S OF AM 



(\,v 



V 



THE INYENTOR'S MANUAL. 



PRACTICAL 



ERNEST C. WEBB, 

SoLiGiTOB OF American and Foreion Patents, 

AND 

Counsellor at Law in Patent Causes, 

OFFICES, No. 22 CLIFF STREET, 



NEW YORE CITY. 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOE, 




Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1882, by 

ERNEST C. Vv-EBB, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 



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3^ 



ben.).ii.tyri;el 

Pr.iM-i'Fi;, 

74 Maiden Linn:, 
NrwYoik. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



It has been aptly said that "necessity is the mother of invention." Assiiming 
this to be true, the system of Patent Laws, by which the product of invention is 
protected, and its exclusive use guaranteed for a specified time to the original 
discoverer, may well be considered in the light of a guardian to the otherwise 
helpless offspring of necessity. 

For centuries the inventor was compelled to work in secrecy and seclusion. 
Every new machine, every new process in manufacture, met with the strongest 
opposition, alike from the master workmen and their joiirneymen and apprentices, 
and in many cases from the Government of the country, in which the new inven- 
tion first saw the light. The first class, the employers, opposed it,from the fear that 
its introduction might lessen their profits; the second, the workingmen, from 
a belief that its application might result in a reduction of wages and a con'espond- 
ing diminution in the number of hands employed; and the Government officials 
threw every obstacle in the way, lest the successful working of the new process 
should diminish the receipts from the taxation imposed upon manufacturers, or 
for the reason that dangerous dissensions might be created, and thus, the stability 
of the State be endangered. There existed also, the feeling against what arc 
termed "Monopolies, "of which we have had so many illustrations in recent times, 
and these causes working together, engendered their natural results, and made it 
a matter of the utmost difficulty for any inventor to reap the proper reward for 
the outcome of his skill and labor. Happily, we live in better times. All 
civilized nations now seek to encom-age and protect the inventor of any new and 
useful machine or process, and he may, at moderate cost, so secure himself 
against all others, that he is almost certain to receive ample compensation. 

Among no other people has the inventive genius been so widely manifested 
as among the citizens of the United States, and it is, therefore, peculiarly fitting 
that our Patent Laws should be, as they are, based on broad and liberal prin- 
ciples, secm-ing to the inventor absolute protection agamst those who would 
surreptitiously avail themselves of the fruits of his original conceptions, wrought 
out, perhaps, by long and weary toil and research, while at the same time the 
cost of such an invaluable safeguard is placed within the means of all. It has 
ever been the policy of our Government to encourage invention, and the result of 
this policy may be seen in the long array of grand discoveries in art, science and 
mechanics, which have conferred honor upon the American name. 

It is probable that no field of human labor offers such certain and adequate 
reward as that of the invention of new and useful machines, processes, or 
methods of manufacture. The list of American inventors, who have won fame 
and fortune from the successful working of patented inventions, would fill pages. 
The names of McCormack, Howe, Morse, Colt, Goodyear, Winans, Whitnej-, 
Hotchkiss, Edison, and many others, will at once occur to the reader, and they 
are but types of a large class. It is not always, however, inventions of apparently 



the first importance which prove the most profitable . The merest trifles sometimes 
produce almost fabulous sums, and it is in such cases that the protection afforded 
by a patent is the most quickly felt. 

While the method of obtaining a patent under the United States Patent Laws 
is extremely simple, the services of a skilled attorney will in nearly every case be 
found of incalculable advantage. In many instances the inventor will be saved 
much useless labor and research by confiding his interests to some reputable 
solicitor, and the ultimate procurement of the patent sought greatly expedited. 

It is not the purpose of the author to give in this little volume an elaborate 
treatise on Patent Law, but rather to place before the reader a plain and concise 
statement of the means necessary to obtain Patents, Trade-marks, Copyrights, 
etc., either in the United States or in any foreign country, together with a variety 
of general information of universal value. 

New York, February, 1882, 

ERNEST C. WEBB 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Abandoned Applications 12 

Admission of the States to the Union, Dates of 37 

American Cities, Growth of 41 

American Patents * 5 

Appeals 13 

Applications 10 

Area of the States of the Union 37 

" " " Territories 38 

Argentine Eepuhlic, Population, Principal JManufactures, &c 19 

Arguments 14 

Armies of the World, The 45 

Australia, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c. , 19 

Austria and Hungary, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c 19 

Belgium, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c., 20 

Brazil, " " " " 20 

British Guiana, " " " " 20 

British India, " " " " 20 

Canada, " " " " 20 

Capitals of States, and Governors, in 1882 39 

Caveats 10 

Ceylon 20 

Cities of the World, Population in 1882 39 

Commencement of the Year 29 

Copies of Patents 14 

Copyrights 14 

Dates of Admission of the States to the Union 37 

Day and Night, Length of 39 

Denmark and Iceland, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c 21 

Design Patents 11 

Discoveries, Notable 35 

Distances from New York City to Principal Places iu the United States . 43 

Divisions of Time 30 

Exports of Principal Nations 41 

Extensions of Patents 13 

Fees, American Patents 15 

" Foreign Patents 26 

Foreign Patents 19 

France, Population and Principal Manufactures of "il 

General Information 29 

Germany, Population and Principal Manufactures of ....... 22 

Governors of the States, 1882 39 



PAGE. 

Governors of the Territories, 1882 , . . 3l> 

Great Britain, Population and Principal Manufactures of ...... 23 

Greece 20 

(jrrowth of American Cities 41 

Imports and Exports of Principal Nations a, ... 41 

Index 5 

Infringement Suits . 14 

Interferences 13 

Introductory 3 

Italy, Population and Principal Manufactures of .».,.... 24 

Labels and Prints 12 

Leap Year , ... 31 

Navies of the World, The 43 

Norway, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 

Notable Events and Discoveries , . ■ ... 35 

Organization and Area of the Territories 38 

Our Northern Boundary ... 32 

Policy of Patent Laws, The .,,,.. 9 

Population of the Chief Cities of the World 39 

Population of the United States, 1790 to 1880 40 

Portugal, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 

Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 38 

Prints and Labels . , 12 

Railroads of the World 42 

Rates of Postage .... 31 

Reissue Patents 11 

Rejected and Abandoned Applications 12 

Rulers of the Principal Nations of the World, 1882 44 

Russia, Population and Principal Manufactures of 25 

Schedule of Fees, American Patents 15 

" " Foreign Patents 26 

Spain, Population and Principal Manufactures of 26 

Supreme Coui't of the United States, Chief .lustices and Associate Justices 

of, 1789-1882 40 

Sweden, Population and Piincipal Manufactures of 25 

Telegraphs of the United States 42 

To Ascertain the Length of the Day and Night 29 

To Get Correct Time 30 

Trade-Marks 12 

True Time 30 

Value of Standard Money of the Principal Foreign Nations in United States 

Coin 45 

Variations of Time and Distances from New York City to Principal Places 

in the United States 43 

What is a Patent 9 

What is Nickel 33 

What is Patentable 10 

Who May Obtain a Patent 9 



PA R T 1. 



AMERICAN PATENTS. 



THE INYENTOR'S MANUAL. 



THE POLICY OF PA TENT LA WS. 

The true policy of patent laws is to awaken and stimulate the spirit of inven- 
licn, by liolding forth to the invcniive n.ind an inducement to woik. If an 
inventor could receive no benefit from the creation of his brain, fewer inventions 
would be made. Take away the opportunity to make money by the production 
of son.ething new and useful, and you take away the incentive to invent — and it 
then foie follows, as a logical sequence, that the intellectual products of the in- 
ventor must be fostered and protected. Our excellent patent system has been a 
very potent factor in developing our manufacturing interests and the resources 
of the country, and it has been well said "If Europe does not amend its patent 
laws, America will speedily become the nursery of useful inventions for the 
world." 

WHA r IS A PA TENT. 

A patent is in the nature of a contract between the inventor and the Govern- 
ment, to the eifect, that if the inventor shall disclose his invention to the public 
by filing a description of the same m such full, clear and exact teims, that anj' 
person skilled in the art or science to which it apptrtains may be able to make 
and use the invention so descril ed, then the inventor or his assigns, or legal rep- 
resentatives shall have the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention 
for the term of 17 years; and that at the expiration of this term, the right to 
make, use and vend the patented invention shall become commion property. It 
will thus be sem that the true consideration for the grant of a patent is the dis- 
closure by the inventor, of his invention or discovery, so that the same may at a 
certain time enure to the benefit of the whole people. 



WHO MA Y OBTAIN A PA TENT. 

Any person who has invented or discovered any new or useful art, machine, 
manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement 
thereof, may, upon application in regular form, and upon the payment of the fees 
required b}^ law, obtain a patent. 



10 THE inventor's MANUAL 



WHA T IS PA TEN TABLE. 

Anything that is new and useful, or any new and useful improvement on ex - 
isting devices which has not been known or used by others in this country, and 
not patented or described in any publication in this or any foreign country before 
the invention or discovery. 



THE APPLICA TION. 

Preliminary to the application for Letters Patent it is sometimes advisable 
to make what is usually called a "Preliminary Examination." The object of 
this is to ascertain if the invention forming the basis of the application has been 
previously patented in this country, by making a careful search through the 
records of the Patent Office, relating to the subject matter of the invention. 

After the preliminary questions of determining the patentability of the in- 
vention have been disponed of, the next step is to prepare the application papers 
consisting of the specification or description of the invention, the petition pray- 
ing for the grant of the patent, the oath of invention, and a complete drawing 
(when admissible) of the device. . 

GreHt skill and care must be exercised in preparing the specification and 
claims, as a carelessl}^ drawn specification and claims, not comprehending the 
full scope of the invention, will invariably subject the inventor, or subsequent 
owner of the patent, to the necessity of reissuing the patent, and oftentimes to 
great pecuniary loss. (See division on Reissue patents.) Hence it is absolutely 
imperative for the inventor to select a careful and experienced attorney to pre- 
pare the papers upon which his patent will be founded. 

In order to properly prepare the specification and drawings we require a 
brief, accurate description of the invention, and a j-ketch illustrating it, when ad- 
missible. Under the new rules of the Patent Office, models of inventions are 
not received except when specifically called for by the Examiner in charge of the 
case, but it is always better for an inventor to make a model, even if it is only a 
rough one, as it is in most cases of considerable assistance in preparing the ap- 
plication papers. Models furnished to us for our inspection during preparation 
of tlie application and prosecution of the case, will be returned when called for. 



CA VEA TS. 

The object of a caveat is to protect inventors while they are experimenting 
to perfect or demonstrate the practicability and utility of the invention. It con- 
sists of a brief description or specification of the invention, and a drawing illus- 
trating the same (when possible). These are filed in the confidential archives of 
the Patent Office and preserved in secrecy, and if application is made within one 
year from the date they are filed by any other person for a patent conflicting 
with the invention disclosed by the caveator, notice is immediately sent to the 



OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 



caveator, and he is required to file a complete application for a patent uithiu 
three months. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, or 
aliens v?ho have resided in the United States for one year and have declared their 
intention to become citizens. 



REISSUE PA TENTS. 

[Extract from Sec. 4016, Rev. Stat.'\ 

Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient 
specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more 
than he had a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadvertence, accident, or mis- 
take, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the 
surrender of such patent and the payment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent 
for the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to the 
patentee, or, in the case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided part 
of the original patent, then to his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired 
part of the term of the original patent. 

In a majority of cases the necessity of reissuing a patent is due to the careless- 
ness or inefficiency of the attorney who prepared the original application papers. 
Very often the discovery that a patent is inoperative is not made until the manu - 
facturer of the patented article applies to counsel to institute proceedings against 
infringers, and it may be then too late to reissue the defective original patent, 
and obtain anew patent, upon correct specifications and dravpings, which will 
stand the test of litigation. Reissues cost the applicant from $60 to $100, accord- 
ing to the labor involved, and no damages can be collected for infringements 
committed prior to the date of the Reissued Patent. Since 1871, over seven 
thousand patents have been surrendered and Reissued Patents obtained therefor. 

We make a SPECIALTY of reissuing defective patents, and will examine 
patents when requested, and give opinions as to the correctness of the specifica- 
tions and drawings . 



DESIGN PA TENTS. 

A design patent is granted to any person who ha ^ invented and produced any 
new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo or bas-relief; 
any new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton or other 
fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print or picture to be 
printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of man - 
ufacture, or any new, useful and original shape or configuration of any article of 
manufacture. Design Patents are granted for periods of 3i years, seven years, 
and fourteen years, as may be specified in the application. Manufacturers and 
dealers in clocks, silverware, jewelry, carpets, glassware, «&c., will find it largely 
to their advantage to thus protect their new patterns. 



12 THE inventor's MANUAL 



REJECTED AND ABANDONED 
APPLICA riONS. 

Applications for Letters Patent are very often rejected by the Examiners 
through a misunderstanding of the invention, or from failure of the attorney in 
charge of the case to properly prosecute it and point out the differences existing 
between the invention and the references cited as anticipating it. We attend 
to such cases, and when our services are required, we will, upon request, 
furnish a power of attorney authorizing us to proceed in the matter. 

Applications for patents which have been allowed are sometimes abandoned 
by the failure of the inventor or his attorney to pay the final Government fee 
within the required time. Cases of this character may be revived, and a patent 
for the invention secured. 



TRADE-MARKS. 

Any person, firm or corporation domiciled in the United States, or located 
in any foreign country, which by treaty, convention or law affords similar 
privileges to citizens of the United States, and who is entitled to the exclusive 
use of any trade-mark, and uses the same in commerce with foieigu nations or 
with Indian tribes, may obtain registration of the same in the United States 
Patent Ofiice. 

Owners of trade-marks for which photection has been sought by regis- 
tering THEM IN the Patent Office under the Act of July 8, 1870 (declared 
unconstitutional by the Supieme Court of the United States), may register the 
same for the same goods, without fee, on compliance with the Statutory re- 
quirements of the Act of March 3, 1881. 

Registration of a trade-mark is -prima facie, evidence of ownership. Any 
person who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or coloraU^ imitate any trade-mark 
no registered and affix the same to merchandise of substantially the same descrip- 
tive properties as those described in the registration, shall be liable to an action on 
the case for damages for the wrongful use of said trade-mark at the suit of the 
owner thereof; and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according to 
the Course of Equity to enjoin the wrongful use of such trade-mark used in foreign 
commerce, or commerce with Indian tnbes, as aforesaid, and to recocer compensa- 
tion therefor in any Ciurt having jurisdiction over Ihid person guilty of such wrong 
ful act; and Courts of the United States have original and appellate jurisdiction 
in such cases without regard to the amount in controversy. 

PRINTS AND LABELS. 

By the Act of June 18, 1874, it is provided, that prints and labels, such as 
are usually used by manufacturers to denote th ; name of the manufacturer, 



OF PRACTICAL INFOKMATIOJM. IS 



place of manufacture, style, or quality of goods, directions for use, &c., may 
be registered in the Patent Office, uiul that the certificate of such registration 
shall continue in force for 28 years. 

APPEALS. 

Every application for a pateat, or a reissue of a patent, which has been 
twice rejected upon the s ime references by the Examiner in charge, is consid- 
ered as being finally rejected, and in condition for appeal. Three appeals may 
be taken in such cases from adverse decisions, viz. : First, to the Board of 
Examiners in Chief; second, to the Commissioner of Patents, who is the chief 
executive and judicial officer of the Patent Office; and third, to the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia. In case of an adverse decision of each of 
these three tribunals, proceedings may be instituted in the United States Courts, 
to adjudicate the rights of the applicant in the premises. Our fees for prose- 
cuting appeals are governed by the amount of labor involved, and are subject to 
special agreement. 

INTERFERENCES. 

An interference is a proceeding instituted for the purpose of detfrmining 
the question of priority of invention between two or more parties, claiming sub- ■ 
stantially the same patentable invention. This proceeding is in the nature of a 
trial, both parties being obliged to file statements under oath, called preliminary 
statements, disclosing the date of his original conception of the invention; of its 
illustration by drawing or model; of its disclosure to others, and of its comple- 
tion and of the extent of its use. These statements must be prepared with great 
care, and competent counsel should be retained, as the parties to the interference 
will be strictly held to the dates disclosed by their preliminary statements. 

After these statements have been filed in the Patent Office, the Examiner of 
Interferences fixes the dates within which each party must take and close his 
oral proofs. The case is then, upon the conclusion of the testimony on both 
sides, duly argued before the Examiner of Interferences or submitted for his 
decision. Either party may appeal from an adverse decision to the Board of 
Examiners in Chief, and thereafter to the Commissioner of Patents, but no 
appeal can be taken in interference cases from the decision of the Commissioner 
of Patents. It will be seen that from the nature of these proceedings, that com- 
petent and experienced attorneys are required to properly conduct such con- 
troversies. 

Our fees in these cases are necessarily the subject of special agreement cor- 
responding to the amount of labor involved in each individual case. 

EXTENSIONS OF PA TENTS. 

Patents can only be extended by Special Act of Congress. Our services may 
be secured to procure or oppose extensions. 



THE mVEKTOK S MAJSUAL 



OPINIONS. 

We make special examinations to determine the covelty of: any inventiou 
either before or after a patent has been obtained, and furnish a written opinion 
relating thereto. We also examine into the title of any patent, and furnish ab- 
stracts of title thereof. Our charges in these matters are moderate, and are 
based upon the amount of work done. 



AGREEMENTS, COPIES OF PATENTS, ETC. 

Assignments, agreements, co-partnership articles, licenses and other papers 
relating to patents prepared, and recorded when necessary. Copies of patents 
and other official papers procured. Our charges in these matters are moderate, 
and depend upon the time given to each case. 



INFRINGEMENT SUITS. 

Suits for infringement of patents are brought in Federal Courts, and are in 
the nature of an application to the Court for an injunction to restrain the con- 
tinued unlawful use of the patented invention, and for damages for such use. 
Infringements of trade-marks may also be stopped by injunction in the same 
way. 

Our services can be secured to prosecute or defend suits relating to patents 
and trade-marks, at reasonable rates. 



COPYRIGHTS. 

Any citizen of the U. S., or resident therein, who shall be the author, in- 
ventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical 
composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thei-eof, or of a 
painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs int.jnded 
to be peifected as works of the fine arts, shall, upon obtaining a copyright there- 
for, have the sole liberty of priming, reprinting, publishing, completing, copy- 
ing, executing, finishing and vending the same, and in the case of a dramatic 
composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or repiesented by others. And authors may reserve the right to drama- 
tize or to translate their own works. 

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the name and residence 
of the claimant, and whether right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. 
No affidavit or formal applicaiiou is required. 

A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical 
composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or a description of the imint- 



OF PKACTICAL INFORMATION. 



ing, drawiDg, cliromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine 
arts, lor which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, 
addressed "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be done 
before publication of the book or other article. 

Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two com- 
plete copies must be sent, prepaid, to perfect the copyright, with the address, 
"Librarian op Congress, Washington, D. C." 

Without the deposit of copies above required the copyright is A'oid, and a 
penalty of $25 is incurred. 

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy pub- 
lished, 

''Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year , by , in the office 

oftJie Librarian of Congress, at Washington,'' or at the option of the person enter- 
ing the copyright, the words: "Copyriglit, 18 — , by " 

The law imposes a penaltj^ of $100 upon any person who has not obtained 
copyright, who shall insert the notice "Entered according to Act of Congress," or 
"Copyright," or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other arti(;le. 

Each copyright secures the exclusive right for twenty-eight years. Six 
months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or chil- 
dren, may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty 
two years in all. 

Any copyright is assignable in law, but such assignment must be recorded 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. 

Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor upon labels intended 
to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such prints or 
labels is desired, application must be made to the Patent Office, where they can 
be registered. 

Copyrights may be secured through this" office for a moderate fee in excess 
of the regular Government charges. 



SCHEDULE OE EEES 

FOR obtaining TJ. S. PATENTS, ENTERING COPYRIGHTS AND REGISTERING 
TRADE-MARKS, PRINTS AND LABELS, AND PREPARING ASSIGNMENTS, ETC., 
INCLUDING GOVERNMENT PEES IN EACH CASE. 

Preparing and prosecuting an application for Letters Patent, for a 

mechanical invention in a case involving an ordinary amount of labor. $25 00 

First Government fee .... 15 00 

Second " " 20 00 

Total $60 00 

Of this amount, forty dollars is payable when the papers are pj-epared and 
ready to tile in the Patent Office. The second Government fee of twenty dollars, 
may be paid at any time within sit months of the date of allowance of the appli- 
cation. 



16 THE inventor's MANUAL 



SCHEDULE OF FEES, ^TC .—Continued. 

Preparing and prosecuting an application for Letters Patent for a design . $ 15 00 

Government fee for design patent, for three and one-half years ... 10 00 

Total $25 00 

Government fee for design patent, for seven years, fifteen dollars, mak- 
ing a total of ■. $30 00 

Government fee for design patent, for fourteen years, thirty dollars, 

making a total of $45 00 

Preparing and prosecuting application for the reissue of a patent in any 

case involving an ordinary amount of labor $30 00 

Government fee 30 00 

Total $60 00 

Procuring and entering a copyright . $5 00 

Government fee 1 00 

Total $6 00 

Preparing and prosecuting application for registration of a trade mark . $10 00 

Government fee 25 00 

Total ! ... $35 00 

Preparing and prosecuting application for registrition of a print or 

label in ordinary cases $6 00 

Government fee 6 00 

Total $12 00 

Preparing and recording an assignment of a patent, trade-mark, print, 

label or copyright $5 00 

Government fee usually 1 00 

Total $6 00 

Preparing and filing an application for a caveat, usually $12 00 

Government fee 10 00 

Total $22 00 

With the exception noted, all the fees in each case are -payable in advance, 
that is to say, when the papers are complete and ready to file. 

Our services in preparing contracts and licenses, and in prosecuting appeals, 
interferences and infringemeat suits, are always the subject of special agree- 
ment. 



PA R T II. 



FOREIGN PATENTS, 



FOREIGN PA TENTS. 



ARGENTINE BEPUBLIG. 

POPULATION 3,500,000— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, PONCHOS, ROPES, SADDLE- 
CLOTHS, MOROCCO, LEATHER AND WOODEN WARE. 

Two kinds of patents are granted, viz: Patents of Invention and Patents of 
Importation. The term varies from one to ten years, and the invention must be 
worked within one year from the date of the grant. 

Very few patents are taken out, as the cost is large and the term limited to a 
few years. 

A U8TBALIA. 

POPULATION 1,800,000— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, GLASS, PAPER, CLOTH, OIL- 
CLOTH, DYES, BEER, STARCH, SOAP, CIGARS, PIANOS, SAFES, AGRICULTURAL 
IMPLEMENTS, ENGINES, CARRIAGES, BRUSHES, LEATHER, WOOLEN CLOTHS, 
SUGAR, WINES, LIQUORS. 

Each of the separate Australian Colonies of New South Wales, Victorin, 
Queensland, South and West Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, have inde- 
pendent Patent Laws. Patents may he obtained in each Colony, and remain in 
force for a period of from seven to fourteen years. During the life of the patent 
the patentee or owner of the patent has the exclusive right to make, use and sell 
the invention. Special information relating to patents in these Colonies, and 
cost thereof, will be furnished at our office. 

AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. 

POPULATION 34,904,435 — principal manufactures, iron, chemical prepara- 
tions, GLASSWARE, LOOKING GLASSES, HEMP AND FLAX, WOOLEN AND COTTON 
FABRICS, TOBACCO, JEWELRY, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. 

Patents may be obtained by foreigners, as well as natives, and one applica- 
tion is suflacient for the whole Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

The invention must be worked in Austria or Hungary within a year of the 
date of issue of the patent, and at some time during every two years thereafter. 
The term of a patent is limited to 15 years, but they are usually taken out for 
one year, and renewed from year to year upon payment of a small renewal tax. 
Foreigners are no longer required to prove pobsession of a corresponding patent 
in some other country, and patents are now renewed, upon payment of the 



20 THE IJS'VENTOK'S MANUAL, 



taxes, without requiring proof of the actual working of the invention in the 
Kingdom. 

Patents for designs are not granted to U. S. citizens. 

BELGIUM. 

POPULATION 5,336,185— PKINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, LINEN, LACES, DAMASK, 
WOOLENS, COTTON GOODS, HOSIERY, CARPETS, MACHINERY, FIRE-ARMS, IRON, 
ETC. 

Any person may obtain a patent, hut when the applicant is not the inventor, 
he had better obtain the inventor's consent to the application in writing, and 
keep it for his own protection. 

Three kinds of patents are granted, viz.: (1.) Patents of Invention; (2.) 
Patents of Importation; and (3.) Patents of Improvement. 

A patent of invention is granted to the inventor, provided he makes appli- 
cation in Belgium before applying m any other country. Patents of importation 
are granted to any person who has previouslj^ applied fnr or obtained a foreign 
patent. Patents of improvement are granted for modifications of any invention 
described in a prior Belgian patent granted to the same person. No separate 
annuities have to be paid on patents of improvement, and they remain in force 
during the life of the origioal patent. 

Patents of invention are granted for a period of twenty years; patents of 
importation remain in force during the life of the foreign patent; and patents 
of improvement during the life of the original Belgian patent. Usually, patents 
are secured for the term of one year, and thereafter renewed from year to year, 
upon payment of the annual tax. 

Design Patents. — Printed or woven designs for textile fabrics, and similar 
goods, may be patented in Belgium. 

BRAZIL, BRITISH GUIANA, BRITISH INDIA, CEYLON, 
GREECE AND MEXICO. 

Patents for mechanical inventions may be obtained, but are very rarely 
applied for by American inventors. Information furnished upon application to 
our office. 

CANADA. 

POPULATION 8,906,810— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, FLOUR, LUMBER, FURNI- 
TURE, HARDWARE, PAPER, CHEMICALS, SOAP, BOOTS AND SHOES, COTTON 
AND WOOLEN GOODS, STEAM ENGINES, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, COARSE 
CLOTHS (homespun), FLANNELS, BED LINEN, BLANKETS, CARPETS AND 
TWEEDS, LEATHER, SADDLERY AND HARNESS, TOBACCO, MACHINERY, NAILS, 
GUNPOWDER, CARRIAGES, PIANOS, HATS AND CAPS, SEWING MACHINES. 

Patents are only granted to the inventor or Ms legal assigns. The full term 
is fifteen years, but the patent is usually taken for five years, and thereafter 
renewed. 



OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 21 



When the invention can be so illustrated, a model must be filed before the 
patent can be obtained. When the invention relates to a composition, samples 
or specimens must be furnished. The model can only be 18 inches in its greatest 
dimensions, and when admissible, from the nature of the case, a working model 
is required. 

The invention imiM he worked in Canada within two years from the date of 
the application, and thereafter arrangements must be made to keep the invention 
"on sale," so that any person desiring to purchase or use it, maybe able to 
obtain the patented article, or the products thereof. 

Inventions which have been patented in the United States or other countries, 
cannot be patented in Canada, unless the application is filed within one year 
fioin the date of the earliest foreign patent for the same invention. And, if 
during this same period, any person in Canada shall manufacture and sell the 
invention previously patented in any foreign country as stated, then such manu- 
facturer shall have the right to continue such manufacture and sale unrestricted, 
but this rule does not apply to persons who shall only commence to manufacture 
after the application for a Canadian patent has been filed. 

Caveats. — Caveats may be filed to protect inventions not entirely perfected. 
They remain in force for one year, and the proceedings and requirements are 
substantially the same as in the United States. 



DENMABK AND ICELAND. 

popcjlation 1,912,142 — principal manufactures, silk, linen, woolen and 
cotton goods, leather, laces, gloves, straw hats, sail cloth, 
thread, paper, soap, glass, earthenware, plated-ware, iron-ware, 
saltpetre, gunpowder, arms, repined sugar, tobacco, soda, potash, 
brandt and malt liquors. 

Any person may obtain a patent. The term of a patent cannot exceed 
twenty years and rarely exceeds three years. 

The invention must be worked during each year of the life of the patent. 



FRANCE. 
POPULATION 36,905,788 — principal manufactures, silk, jewelry, bronzes, 

SURGICAL and PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, BOOKS, LACES, CABINET FURNI- 
TURE, embroideries, iron, cutlery, hardware, PORCELAIN, EARTHEN- 
WARE, WATCHES, LEATHER, WOOLENS, LINENS, COTTONS, GLASSWARE, 
PAPER, SUGAR, TOBACCO, WINES. 

Any person may obtain a patent, but when the invention has been pre- 
viously patented abroad, it is advisable to make the application in the name of 
the "author of the invention already patented abroad," or his legal assigns. 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL 



The full term of a patent is 15 years, but they are usually taken out for one 
year, and renewed from yem^ to year, by payment of an annual tax of about $22. 

The invention must be worked in France within two years of the date of 
issue of the patent, and during every two years thei-eafter. Patents of addition 
for improvements on any invention previously patented in France, may be ob- 
tained by the same person. 

JSTo patents are granted for medicinal preparations, patent medicines, or 
remedies of any kind. 

Design Patents. — Patents are granted for designs for new shapes or forms, 
and for patterns, pi'inted, woven, or otherwise produced upon or in any material, 
such as iron, wood, glass, paper, leather, woven fabrics, etc. 



GJSRMAJSrr. 

POPULATION 42,737,360— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, WOOLENS, SILKS, PAPER, 
CABINET FURNITURE, TOYS, IRON AND STEEL, GOLD AND SILVERWARE, 
GLASSWARE, LEATHER, MATHEMATICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
CLOCKS, BEER, WINES, SUGAR. 

Patents are granted to the first applicant, whether he is the inventor or not, 
provided the invention has not been published in printed form in any country be- 
fore the date of the application. But it is usually safer for the applicant, if he 
is not the inventor, to obtain the inventor's consent in writing, before making 
the application, and preserve it in case his right to obtain the patent should 
afterwards be questioned. 

The duration of the patent is 15 years, but patents are usually taken for one 
year and renewed by payment of an annual tax. Patents of addition are granted 
for alterations or improvements in any invention previously patented in 
Germany. 

Such patents are continued in force by the prolongation of the original 
patents to which they relate, and no separate annuities are required. 

The law requires that the invention must be worked in Germany within three 
years from the date of the grant, but this does not mean that it must be manufac- 
tured in Germany, as the provisions of the Patent Act will be fully complied 
with if the patented article is placed on the market and advertued for sale in the 
Empire, although it may have been manufactured elsewhere . 

Persons who deliberately manufacture or sell a patented article, without the 
consent of the patentee or owner of the patent are liable to a fine of 5,000 marks 
(about $1,800), or to imprisonment for one year, in addition to payment of dam- 
ages to the party aggrieved. 

Designs. — Ornamental designs may be protected by registration. 



OP PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



POPULATION 31,028,338— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, COTTON, AVOOL, SHODDY, 
WORSTED, FLAX, SILK, IRON, STEEL, COPPER, BRASS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLE- 
MENTS, GLOVES, PAPER, BEER, HATS, GLASS, POTTERY, SOAP, LACE, IRON 
SHIPS, LINEN, WHISKEY, COMBS, STEAM ENGINES, FLANNEL, ETC. 

Who May Obtain a Patent. — A British Patent can be obtained either by 
the true inventor, or by a person to whom the invention has been communi- 
cated. In the first case, the applicant declares himself to be the true and first 
inventor, and in the second case, that the invention is a communication. Any 
person (not a resident in Great Britain) becoming acquainted witli an invention, 
can obtain a perfectly valid British Patent therefor, by communicating it to a 
person residing in Great Britain {for instance, to a Patent Solicitor in London, 
through a Patent Solicitor in Neio York), and the real inmntor has no remedy 
whatever afterwards, unless fraud can be very clearly proved. Hence, if an 
American inventor desires to obtain a British Patent for his invention, he should 
make the application before his invention becomes public in this country. 

Duration of Patent .vn^d Territory Covered. — British Patents are 
granted for the term of fourteen years, subject to the payment of a stamp duty 
of £50 before the expiration of three years, and £100 before the expiration of 
seven years. A British Patent covers Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel 
Islands, and the Isle of Man. 

Validity of Patent as . Affected by Prior Publication or Use. — 
" A valid British Patent cannot be obtained, if, prior to the application for 
" the same, the invention has become public, in Great Britain, by means of 
" books or otherwise; but the amount of information given by the prior pulilica- 
" tion, whatever may be its nature, must, in order to avoid a subsequent patent, 
" be equal to that requii'ed to be given by a specification — that is to say, it must 
" be enough to enable the public to carry the invention into practical use. Pub- 
" lication or use in a foreign country does not affect the validity of a British 
" Patent." 

The printed copies of American specifications issued by the U. S. Patent 
Office, do not reach England until about six montlis after the date of the American 
Patents. The Ofiicial Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, published Aveekly, and 
containing the claims of patents, and partial illustrations of the inventions re- 
ferred to in such claims, reaches England in about two weeks after its date, but 
this publication rarely contains information sufficient to invalidate a British 
Patent granted subsequently, and before the complete specifications of the 
American Patent are received at the library of the English Patent Office. 

"Working. — The invention does not have to be worked within the Kingd m, 
and may be imported. 

The Application. — The applicant may take the patent out at once by pay- 
ing the full cost ($350.00), or he may proceed by three or four steps, and thus grad- 
uate the payment of the fees. For instance, he may file, first, what is called a 



24 THE inventok's maistual 



provisional specification. This protects his invention for a period of six months, 
during which time the specification is considered confidential and Ic&pt secret. If 
he proceeds in this way the proceedings would be as follows: 

1st Step. — Application for provisional protection (cost $75, payable in ad- 
vance), ^nd Step. — Notice to proceed (cost |37.50, payable within four months 
of the date of application), ^rd Step. — Sealing (issue of patent), (cost $63.50, 
payable within five mo7it7is of the date of application). Ath Step. — Filing final 
specification (cost $75.00, ^m?/rt5?e within six months of the date of application). 
Or he can file a complete instead of a provisional specification, and then the pro 
ceedings would be the same as above, except that the 4th step would be omitted, 
and the cost of the first would be |125 instead of $75. 

Designs. — Useful and ornamental designs may be protected by registration. 
The following classes of articles of manufacture and substances to which designs 
maybe applied, can be registered: Articles composed wholly or chiefly of metal, 
wood, glass, earthenware, bone, ivory, j9apie?'-mac7ie, or other solid substances; 
paper-hangings, carpets, floor-cloths, oil-cloths, shawls, yarn, thread or warp, 
woven-fabrics, lace and other articles. 

The term of the copyright varies from one to five years. 



ITALY. 

POPULATION 26,801,154— PRINCIPAL [MANUFACTURES, SHIP BUILDING, MUSICAL 
INSTRUMENTS, SILKS, EARTHENWARE, STRAW-GOODS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, 
MACARONI, ETC. 

Any person may obtain a patent, whether he is the inventor or not. The 
duration of the patent is limited to 15 years, and it may be secured for periods 
varying from one to fifteen years. If the patent is granted for a term not 
exceeding five years, the invention must be worked in Italy within one year from 
the date of the patent. If the term exceeds five years, the invention must be 
worked within two years, and during every two years thereafter. 

Medicines are not patentable. 

Infringers are liable to a fine of about $100, and may be assessed damages, 
and the articles made by them in infringement of the patented invention can 
be confiscated. 

Patents op Addition. — Are granted at any time during the life of a 
patent, for modifications of an invention patented in Italy, and the annual taxes 
paid on the original patent keep the patent of addition in force. 

Designs. — Ornamental designs can be protected by registration. 



OP PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 



IfOli WAY. 



POPULATION 1,806,900 — PRINCIPAL MAJSTUPACTURES, LIQUORS, CLOTHS, SILKS, 
COTTON, LEATHER, TOBACCO, SUGAR, METALS, PAPER. 

Any one can obtain a patent. The term is limited to 10 years, and is fixed 
by the Government in each case. The invention must be worked in Norway 
w^ithin one year from the date of the patent. 



POBTUQAL. 

POPULATION 4,745,024— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, COTTON, WOOL, SILK, PAPER, 
CHEMICALS, EARTHENWARE, PORCELAIN, LACE, COPPER AND TINWARE, 
RIBBONS, EMBROIDERIES, HATS, SOAP, GLASS, TOBACCO. 

Duration of patents limited to 15 years. Granted to the first inventor or 
importer. May be first procured for 5 years, and thereafter prolonged to the 
full term of 15 years, by paying an additional Government fee. The invention 
must be worked at some time during the first half of the term, and the working 
must be public at certain stated times. 



RUSSIA. 

POPULATION 88,399,808 — principal manufactures, woolen goods, silk, 
cotton, linen, leather, tallow, candles, soap, sugar and metallic 

wares. 

Patents are granted for three, Jive or ten years, at the option of the applicant 
But the patent cannot be extended or prolonged beyond the original term. No 
patents are granted for inventions adapted only to Government uses. 

Patents of Importation are limited in duration to the term of the prior 
foreign patent. 

The invention must be worked within the Empire at some time during one- 
fourth of the term. 



SWEDEN. 

POPULATION 4,429,713 — principal MANUFACTURES ABOUT THE SAME AS NORWAY. 

The term of a patent is fixed by the Government in each case, and never 
exceeds 15 years. The application should be made in the name of the inventor, 
if possible. The invention must be wo^iced at some time within two years from 
the date of the grant. 



26 TPiE inventor's manual. 



SPAIN {including GXIBA). 
POPULATION 18,209,471 — principal manufactures, cotton, metallic wares, 

SILK, woolen and LINEN GOODS, LEATHER, FIRE-ARMS, GLASSWARE, SUGAR, 
MOLASSES, COFFEE, WAX, TOBACCO AND SEGARS. 

Patents may be obtained by any one. The term cannot exceed 20 years, but 
the patent may be taken out for one year, and extended from year to year, by 
paying an annual fee or tax to the Government. The invention must be worked 
within tioo years from the date of issue of the patent. 



SCHEDULE OF FEES 

FOR OBTAINING LETTERS PATENTS IN THE PRINCIPAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 
INCLUDING ALL GOVERNMENT FEES AND TRANSLATIONS IN EACH CASE AND 
THE COST OF DRAWINGS. 



Argentine Republic 



j Patent of Invention $1,000 00 

i " " Importation 1,500 00 

f Now South Wales 300 00 

I Victoria 300 00 

Australia \ Queensland 300 00 

I Tasmania 250 00 

I South and West Australia 300 00 

L New Zealand 200 00 

Austria and Hungary 100 00 

Belgium and Holland 75 00 

Canada 50 00 

Denmark and Iceland 150 00 

France 100 00 

Germany 100 00 

Great Britain 250 00 

Italy 100 00 

Norway 200 00 

Portugal 250 00 

( 3 years - • • 300 00 

Eussia-^5 " . . . , 350 00 

( 10 " . 550 00 

Sweden 350 00 

Spain, including Cuba 100 00 

Information relating to patents in other foreign countries, furnished upon 
application, and special terms made when patents for the same invention are 
applied for in more than one country at the same time . 



PA R T III. 



GENERAL INFORM A TION. 



GENERAL INFORMA TION. 



COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR. 

By the reformation of the calendar by Pope Gregory XIII., the year began 
on the first of January, and, consequently, whenever and wherever the new 
STYLE of reckoning time was adopted, then and there the year commenced on 
this day. 

Previous to the use of the Gregorian Calendar, the years had different days 
of beginning at various times in the same and different countries, and occasionally 
at the same time in the same country. 

In most countries it began on one of the following days : 

Christmas-day, the 25th of December. 

Circumcision-day, the 1st of January. 

Lady-day, the 25th of March. 

Easter-day, the day of the Eesurrection of our Lord. 

In England, in the seventh, and so late as the thirteenth century, the year 
began on Christmas-day; but in the twelfth century the Anglican Church com- 
menced the year on the 25th of March, as did also the civilians of the fourteenth 
century. This continued until 1752, the time of adoption of the new style. By 
this it appears that two modes of reckoning the commencement of the year have 
generally existed in Great Britain and its colonies, causing what are called the 
CrviL, Ecclesiastical, or Legal, Yeab, and the IIistokical Year. The 
last named of these has commenced on the 1st of January for a long period of 
time. 

In New York, under the Dutch, the new style was used ; but the English, in 
1662, introduced the old style, which continued till 1752, when the new style was 
restored. 

In Canada, new style was uniformly employed; and old style in New Eng- 
land. Hence, early dates seem to be given differently, according to the place of 
the writer's residence. 

In order to prevent, as far as possible, the occurrences of error by the use of 
the two styles, it is usual to give the dates prior to 1752, thus: l^ January, 1675. 



TO ASCERTAIN THE LENGTH OF THE BAY ANB NIGHT. 

At any time of the year add 12 hours to the time of the Sun's setting, and 
from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the day. Subtract 



30 THE inventor's MANUAL 



the time of setting from 13 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising 
next morning for the length of the night. These rules are equally true for 
apparent time. 

TO GET COBRECT TIME. 

When the shadow cast by the Sun reaches the noon-mark, set the clock at 
the time given in calendar pages of most almanacs in the column of " Sun at 
ISToon-mark," and it will be exactly right. If a meridian line is used instead of a 
noon-mark, the passing the lines by the Sun's centre is the moment for setting 
the clock. Any skilful surveyor can make a noon-mark or meridian lines of 
small brass or copper wires. In doing so, he must allow for the variation of the 
magnetic needle from a true or astronomical north and south line. 



TRUE TIME. 

Two kinds of time are used in almanacs — clock or mean-time in some, and 
a'pparent or sun-time in others. Gloc1c-X\me is always right, while sun-time, varies 
everyday. People generally suppose it is twelve o'clock when the Sun is due 
south, or at a properly-made noon-mark. But this is a mistake. The Sun is 
seldom on the meridian at twelve o'clock. In most almanacs the time used is 
clock-time, and the time when the Sun is on the meridian or at the noon mark, is 
usually given for every day in the year on each calendar page. This affords a 
ready means of obtaining correct time, and for setting a clock by using a noon- 
mark, adding or subtracting as the Sun is fast or slow. 



DIVISIONS OF TIME. 

A Solar Bay is measured by the rotation of the earth upon its axis, and is of 
different lengths, owing to the ellipticity of the earth's orbit and other causes ; 
but a mean solar day, recorded by the time-piece, is twenty-four hours long. 

Aq Astronomical Day commences at noon, and is counted from the first to 
the twenty-fourth hour. A Civil Day commences at midnight, and is counted 
from the first to the twelfth hour, when it is recounted again from the first to 
the twelfth hour. A Nautical Day is counted as a Civil Day, but commences, 
like an Astronomical Day, from noon. 

A Calendar Month varies in length from 28 to 31 days. A Mean Lunar 
Month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2 seconds, and 5.24 thirds. 

A Year is divided into 365 days. 

A Solar Tear, which is the time occupied by the Sun in passing from one 
Yernal Equinox to another, consists of 365.24244 solar days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes and 49. 536 seconds. 

A Julian Year is 365 days. A Gregorian Year is 365.2425 days; every 
fourth year is Bissextile, or Leap-Year, and is 366 days. The error of the Grego- 
rian computation amounts only to one day in 3571.4286 years. 



OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 31 



LEAP TEAR. 



Every year the number of which is divisible by four without a remainder is 
a leap-year, except the last year of the century, which is a leap-year only when 
divisible by four hundred without a remainder. Thus the year 1900 will not be 
leap-year. 

RATES OF POSTAGE. 

Letters, prepaid by stamps, 3 cts. each ^ oz. or fraction thereof, to all parts 
of the United States; forwarded to another Post OiBce without charge, on 
request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned to the writer free, if 
endorsed with that request. If the stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to 
the Dead Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Registering letters the 
charge is 10 cts. additional. Drop or Local letters 2 cts. eacli* i oz. prepaid. 
Stamped Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, 1 ct. each; if anything 
except a printed address slip is pasted on a postal card, or anything but the 
address written on the face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all News- 
2oapers and Periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part of the United 
States, to regular subscribers, must be paid in advance at the office of mailing. 

Second Glass Matter. — Periodicals issued at regular intervals, at least four 
times a year, and having a regular list of subscribers, with supplements, sample 
copies, 2 cents a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if delivered by letter- 
carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 oz., 2 cents each. 

Third Glass Matter, not exceeding 4 pounds. — Printed matter, books, proof- 
sheets corrected or uncorrected, unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of 
easy inspection without cutting cords or wrapper, 1 cent each for 2 ounces. 

Fourth Glass Matter, not exceeding 4 pounds, embracing merchandise and 
samples, excluding liquids, poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, 
live animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. 

Postage to Canada and British North American Possessions, 3 cts. per 
'^ oz., must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cts. 

Foreign Postage. — To France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark 
(including Iceland and the Faroe Islands), Egypt, Spain (including the Balearic 
Isles, the Canary Islands, the Spanish Possessions on the northern coast of 
Africa, and the Postal establishments of Spain upon the western coast of 
Morocco), Great Britain (including the Island of Malta), Greece, Italy, Norway, 
the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira and the Azores), Roumania, 
Russia, Servia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis, Wallachia and Turkey, for prepaid 
letters, 5 cts. per ^ oz. Unpaid letters, 10 cents. Postal cards, 2 cts. each. 
Newspapers, not over four ounces, 2 cts. each. Books, other jDrinted matter, 
patterns, legal documents, photographs, etc., 2 cts. for each 2 ozs. Registration 
fee on all Guinea (British), 10 cts ; India (British), Italian mail, 10 cts. ; news- 
papers 4 cts. each. 

Money, in sums not exceeding $50, can be sent with safety through the 
principal Post Offices of the United States, by bujdng P Q. Money Orders: 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL 



Fees, for not exceeding $15, 10 cts. ; $15 to $30, 15 cts. ; $30 to $40, 20 cts. ; $40 
to $50, 25 cts. 

To Canada. To Ger-many. 

On Money Orders not exceeding $10 20 cts 25 cts. 

$10 to $20 40 " .... 50 " 

" " $20 to $30 60 " .... 75 " 

" $30 to $40 80 " ....$100 " 

$40 to $50 $100 " ....$125 •' 

Newspapers and other printed papers. Postal Cards and registered articles 
unpaid or insufficiently prepaid will not be forwarded. Other articles, when 
unpaid or insufficiently paid, will be charged as unpaid letters, after deducting 
the value of the stamped envelopes or postage stamps employed. 

Gold and silver money, jewels, or precious articles, or any other article liable 
to customs' duties, are excluded from the mails. 

To the following, postage must be prepaid : To West Indies, except those 
on the Postal TfTnion, 5 cts. ; Ascension Island, 15 cts. ; Aspinwall direct, 5 cts., ma 
St. Thomas, 15 cts. ; Bahamas, 15 cts. ; Bolivia, Chili, 17 cts. ; China, 17 cts. ; U. S. 
of Columbia, direct, 5 cts., X)m St. Thomas, 13 cts. ; Ecuador, 17 cts. ; Fiji Islands, 
5 cts. ; Greytown, 5 cts. ; Hawaiian Kingdom, 6 cts. ; Honduras, ma St. Thomas, 
13 cts. ; Madagascar, 28 cts. ; Mexico, 10 cts. ; Morocco, 15 cts. ; Navassa, 5 cts. ; 
Newfoundland, 5 cts. : New South Wales and New Zealand, direct, 12 cts., ma 
Southampton, 15 cts., via Brindi&i, 19 cts.; Nicaragua, 5 cts.; Panama, 5 cts.; 
via St. Thomas, 13 cts.; Paraguay, Patagonia and Peru, 17 cts.; Queensland, 12 
cts.; Salvador, 10 cts., via St. Thomas, 13 cts.; Santa Marta, 13 cts.; Shanghai, 
5 cts.; Siam, wa Brindisi, 19 cts.; St. Bartholomew, 13 cts.; Tripoli, 5 cts.; 
Uruguay, by sailing vessel, 5 cts., by steam, via Brazil, 27 cts. ; Venezuela, 10 
cts., ma St. Thomas, 13 cts. ; Victoria, 12 cts. ; Zanzibar, 10 cts. 



UB NORTHERN BO UNDARY. 

Not one in a thousand, perhaps, of the 50,000,000 of people living in the 
United States, knows how their country is bounded on the line between the 
United States and the British Territory. It will be interesting, therefore, to 
know how the northern boundary has been traced and marked. The work is 
now completed, except as to the Territory of Alaska, ceded by Russia to us under 
the treaty of 1867. Ever since the Treaty of Ghent we have been establishing 
our northern boundary with Britain until a year or two ago, when the work was 
finally completed by a joint commission, consisting of Major Donald R. Cameron, 
Royal Artillery; Captain S. Anderson, Royal Engineers; and Captain A. C. 
Ward, Royal Engineers, for Great Britain, and Archibald Campbell and Captain 
W. J. Twining, United Slates Army, for our Government. The commission 
experience(? difficulty in discharging their duties, from the errors committed by 
former commissioners. In April, 1870, while engaged in locating a military 
reservation for a post near Pembina, our engineers discovered that the commonly 
received boundary line between the British possessions and the United States at 
that place was 4,700 feet south of the forty -ninth parallel, and if run on west 
from such an initial point would throw the fort of the Hudson Bay Company at 
Pembina into the United States. Here was indeed a difficulty, and the officers 



OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 33 



at once communicated the facts to their Government. The President, General 
Grant, sent the informatioa to the British Government, and Great Britain 
requested the consent of the United States to occupy the fort of the Hudson Bay 
Company until the matter could be determined. Of course, such a reasonable 
request was at once granted. The President then sent a message to Congress 
recommending the establishment of a joint commission to fix the true boundary 
line between the two countries, and Congress assented, appropriating $100,000 
by joint resolution to carry out the work. The appropriation was not available 
until 1872, when the work was begun, as above stated, by a joint commission of 
the two Governments. 

The northern boundary is marked by stone cairns, iron pillars, wood pillars, 
earth mounds, and timber posts. A stone cairn is 7| feet by 8 feet, an earth 
mound 7 feet by 14 feet, an iron pillar 8 feet high, 8 inches square at the bottom, 
and 4 inches at the top; timber posts 5 feet high and 8 inches scjuare. There are 
383 of these marks between the Lake of the Woods and the base of the Rocky 
Mountains. That portion of the boundary which lies east and west of the Red 
River Valley is marked by cast-iron pillars at even-mile intervals. The British 
placed one every two miles and the United States one between each British post. 
Our pillars, or markers, were made at Detroit, Mich. They are hollow iron 
castings, three-eighths of an inch in thickness, in the form of a truncated pyra- 
mid, 8 feet high, 8 inches square at the bottom and 4 inches at the top, as before 
stated. 

They have at the top a solid pyramidal cap, and at the bottom an octagonal 
flange one inch in thickness. Upon the opposite faces are cast in letters, two 
indies high the inscriptions, " Convention of London," and " October 20, 1818." 
The inscriptions begin about four feet six inches above the base, and read up- 
ward. The interiors of the hollow posts are filled with well-seasoned cedar posts, 
sawed to lit, and securely spiked through spike-holes cast in the pillars for the 
purpose. The average weight of each pillar when completed is eighty-five 
pounds. The pillars are all set fourteen feet in the ground, with their inscription 
faces to the north and south, and the earth is well settled and stamped about 
them. For the wooden posts well-seasoned logs are selected and the portion 
above the ground painted red, to prevent swelling and shrinking. These posts 
do very well, but the Indians cut them down for fuel, and nothing but iron will 
last very long. Where the line crosses lakes, monuments of stones have been 
built, the bases being in some places eighteen feet under water, and the tops pro- 
jecting eight feet above the lake's surface at high-water mark. In forests the 
line is marked by felling the timber a rod wide, and clearing away the under- 
brush. The work of cutting through the timbered swamps was very great, but 
it has been well done, and the boundary distinctly marked by the commissions 
the whole distance from Michigan to Alaska. 



WHAT 18 NICKEL? 

Since the convenient five-cent coin which, in common talk, is called "a 
nickel," has come into general circulation, the question above is asked, either 
mentally or orally, hundreds of times every day, and but few get an intelligent 



34 THE inventor's manual. 



answer. In China and India a wLite copper, called pack tong, has long been 
known, and has been extensively used both there and in Europe for counterfeit- 
ing silver coin. About the year 1700 a peculiar ore was discovered in the copper 
mines of Saxony, which had the appearance of being very rich, but in smelting 
it yielded the copper, and the miners called it kupfer-nickel, or false copper, a 
name given it from its yellowish- red color. 

Nickel only occurs in the native state in meteoric stones, in which it is 
always present in association with the iron which forms the principal part of 
these masses. It is found in tolerable abundance in Saxony, Westphalia, Hun- 
gary, Sweden, etc., where it occurs in combination with arsenic. The metal is 
largely used for the purpose of making German silver and other alloys. 

In 1754 Constadt announced the discovery of a new metal in kupfer-nickel. 
It was in combination with arsenic, from which he could relieve it only in parts. 
The alloy of nickel and arsenic which he obtained was white, brittle and very 
hard, and had a melting point nearly as high as cast-iron. It was not until 1833 
that pure nickel was obtained by analj'sis of German silver, which had for a 
number of years been produced at Suhl, in Saxony. Its composition was ascer- 
tained to be copper 10 parts, zinc 5, and nickel 4. If more nickel be used the 
alloy is as white as silver and susceptible of a very high polish, but becomes too 
brittle and hard to be hammered or rolled, and can be worked only by casting. 
Pure nickel is a white metal which tarnishes readily in the air. Unlike silver, it 
is not acted on by the vapor of sulphur, and even the strong mineral acids attract 
it but slightly. 

Nickel has the hardness of iron, and, like it, has strong magnetic properties, 
but cannot be welded and is soldered with difficulty. Pure nickel has heretofore 
been used chiefly for plating, for which purpose its hardness and power to resist 
atmospheric influences admirably adapt it. Within the last year the French 
have succeeded in rolling the metal into plates, from which spoon and other table 
furniture may be pressed. Nickel bronze, which consists of equal parts of cop- 
per and nickel, with a little tin, may be cast into very delicate forms, and is sus - 
ceptible of a high polish. Mines of nickel are worked at Chatham, Conn., and 
Lancaster, Pa., and it is said to be found at Mine La Motte, Mo., and at several 
points in Colorado and New Mexico, where but little attention is paid to it. 

It is extensively mined in Saxony and in Sweden, but the late discovery of a 
new ore (a silicate of nickel) in New Caledonia will probably suspend the use of 
the arsenical ores, and yet bring nickel into common use. Switzerland, in the 
year 1852, made a coin of German silver, which is identical in composition with 
our nickel coin. The United States made nickel cents in 1856, and eight jf-ears 
later coined the five-cent pieces. Belgium adopted it in 1870, and Germany in 
1873. England has lately coined pennies for Jamaica, but at home she and 
France adhere to the clumsy copper small change. 

Several new processes have recently been introduced for the use of nickel in 
plating, and it is probable that its use in the mechanic arts will soon be widely 
extended. Its application to many purposes of use and ornament oifers an 
inviting field to the inventor, and it seems probable that research in this direction 
will amply repay the first discoverers of new methods. 



OF PRACTICAL INFOUMATION. 



35 



SOME NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISCOVERIES. 



Almauai-s first printed by Purback, in Vienna, 

1457. 
America discovered by the Northmen A. D. 

985 ; by Columbus, 1493, Oct. 13. 
Anaesthesia discovered 1844. 
Balloon ascension first made near Lyons, 

France, 1783. 
Banlc of Venice, first in Europe, 1171. 
Bank of England estabUshed 1694. 
Bank of North America established 1781. 
Bank of United States, Phila., 1st charter 1791, 

Feb. 25; 2nd charter 1816; expired 1836, 

March 3. 
Boston fli-e 1872, Nov. 9. Loss $73,600,000. 
Chicago fire, Oct., 1871. Loss, $200,000,000. 
Constitution ratified by States: 

1. Delaware, mianimously, Dec. 7, 1787. 

2. Penns.ylvania, vote 46 to 23, Dec 12, 1787. 

3. New Jersey, unanimously, Dec. 18, 1787. 

4. Georgia, unanimously, Jan. 2, 1788. 

5. Connecticut, vote 128 to 40, Jan. 9, 1788. 

6. Massachusetts, vote 137 to 168, Feb. 6, 1788. 

7. Maryland, vote 63 to 12, April 28, 1788. 

8. South Carolina, vote 149 to 73, May 23, 1788. 

9. New Hampshire, vote 57 to 47, June 21, 

10. Vu-ginia, vote 89 to 79, June 2.'5, 1788. 

11. New York, vote 30 to 25, July 26, 1788. 

12. North Carolina, vote 193 to 75, Nov. 21, 
1789. 

13. Rhode Island, by a majority of 2, May 29, 
1790. 

Copyright law first passed by Congi*ess (term 

14 years), 1790, May 31. 
radically amended and extended to 28 

years (with renewal for 14 more), 1831. 
consolidated and i-ecords transferred to 

Washington, 1870, July 8. 
Cotton first raised in United States, Virginia, 

1621, first exported from U.S. 1747. 
Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, 1793. 
Education, Bureau of, estabUshed 1867, 

March 2. 
Electoral Commission Act app'd 1877, Jan. 29. 
Electric Light, invented by Lodyguin and 

Kossloff, Russians, London, 1874. 
JablochkofE candle successful in Paris 

streets, 1878. 
Sawyer-Mann electric lamp. United 

States, 1878. 
T. A. Edison's experiments in electric 

lighting, 1878-80. 
Emancipation proclamation, 1863, Jan. 1. 
Engi-aving, Wood, 1423, Line or Steel, 1450. 
Envelopes first used for letters, 1839. 
Ether first used in surgical operations, 1844. 



Express, first American, by AV. F. Haruden, 

N. Y. to Boston, 1821. 
Ferries, operated by steam, first used between 

New York and Brooklyn, 1824. 
Fire Company, Union, Phila., first volunteer 

company in America, 1736. 
Flag, American, lli-st used by Washington at 

Cambridge, 1776, Jan. 1. 
legally established by Congress, 1777, 

June 14. 
Garfield assassinated July 2, 1881, died Sept. 

19, 1881. 
Gas, illiuninating, first used, Cornwall, Eng., 

1792; inU. S., Boston, 1832. 
Glass first used for windows in England, 674 ; 

made in Va., 1615 ; Mass., 1639. 
Gold first discovered in California, 1848. 
Gunpowder, used by Chinese, A. D. 80. 

Greek fire used by Byzantines, A. D.668. 

re-discovered by monk Schwartz, A. D. 

1330. 
Guiteau convicted Jan. 25, 1883. 
Homoeopathy introduced into the Unite.I 

States, 1825. 
Independence, Declaration of, 1776, Jidy 4. 
Insurance, Fire, first offlce in America. Bos- 
ton, 1724. 
Life, first, London, 1773; first in America, 

Phila., 1812. 
Marine, A. D. 533 ; first in England about 

1598 ; first in America, Phila., 1721. 
Iron Steamships, first, Great Britain, 1843. 
Jamestown, Va., first permanent Enghsh set- 
tlement in America, founded 1607. 
Kerosene first used f or illimiinating purposes, 

1826. 
Knives, first in England, about 1550. 
Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox 

C. H., Va., 1865, AprU 12. 
Library, first, American, Harvard College, 

Cambridge, 1638. 

First subscription, Phila., 1731. 

Lightning rods, first used by Benj. Franklin 

about 1753. 
Lincoln, assassination of, 1865, April 14. 
London, Great fire of, 1666, Sept. 26. 

Plague in 1665. 

Magna Charta signed 1215. 

Matches, friction, first used, 1829. 

Monroe Doctrine declared in Pres. Monroes 

message, 1823, Dec. 2. 
Musical notes first used 1338; printed, 1503. 
Needles, modern, first came into use, 1545, 
Newspaper, first authentic, 1494. 

fii-st daily, Frankfort Gazette, 1615. 

first in England, AVeekly Newes, 3623. 



36 



'HE INVENTOR S MANUAL 



Newspaper, first French, Gazette de France, 

Paris, 1631. 
first attempt at parliamentary report- 
ing, 1641. 

first advertisement appeared in 1648. 

first American, "Publick Occm-rences, 

Foreign and Domestick," Boston, 1690, Sept. 
2.5. 
Newspaper, first English daily, London, Daily 
Couraut. 1702. 

first continuously printed in America, 

Boston News Letter, 1702. 
first daUy in United States, " The Penn- 
sylvania Packet," 1784. 
Organs, first authentic use of, 755 ; in England, 

951. 
Paper made by Chinese, from silk, 120 B. C; 
from vegetable fibre A. D. 651; from cotton 
A. D. 711 ; from rags, 1085. 
Patent right law, first enacted in U. S., 1790, 

April 15. 
Pencils, leaden styles, used A. D. 50. 

modern, used in England, 1565. 

Pens, steel, first made, 1803; gold, fii-st used 

about 1825. 
Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1?77. 
Photographs first produced in England, 1802 

perfected, 1841. 
Piano-forte invented in Italy, about 1710. 
Pilgrims, landing at Plymouth, Mass., 1620, 

Dec. 21 (commonly called Dec. 22). 
Pins used in England about 1450; in America, 

machine-made, 1832. 
Post-Office first established, between Vienna 

and Brussels, 1516. 
Postage stamps first used in England, 1840; in 

the United States, 1847. 
Printing : clay tablets used by Assyi'ians and 
Babylonians, B. C. 

■ — Wooden blocks used by Chinese A. D. 

952. 

Block books: Biblia Pauperum, 1420. 

movable types, L. Coster, of Haarlem, 

1423. 

J. Gutenberg, of Mentz, 1438. 

First Bible, Faust and Schceffer, 1450. 

First book printed with date, Latin 

Psalter, Faust and Schceffer, 1457. 

First book in English, " History of 

Troy,"' printed at Cologne, by William Cax- 
ton, 1471, 

First book printed in England with date, 

Caston's " Game and Playe of the Ohesse," 
1474. 

first in America, Escala Espiritual of 

Chimaco, printed by Juan Hablas, Mexico, 
1535. 
first pi-ess in the United States, at Cam- 
bridge. Mass., John Daye, 1639. 



Pyramids first erected, %\W B. C. 
Railroad, Passenger, first opened in England, 
1825, Sept. 2?. 

Freight- first in the United States, at 

granite quarries, Quincy, Mass.. 1826. 

Passenger, fii-st in America, Baltimore 

and Ohio, 1828. 
Railroad, Steam, first in New York State, 

Albany to Schenectady, 16 miles, 1830. 
Resumption of Specie payments in U. S., act 
approved 1875, Jan. 14; took effect 1879, 
Jan. 1. 
Revolutionary war, beginning, battle of Lex- 
ington, 1775, April 19. 

end of, last battle, Combahee, 1782, 

Aug. 27. 

preliminary treaty of peace, 1782, 

Nov. 30. 
Savannah, first^steamer crossed the Atlantic, 
25 days, Savannah to Liverpool, 1819, May 24. 
Sewing Machine first patented, England, 1755. 

first complete, E. Howe (American), 

1846. 
Sleeping cars first used, 1858 : Pullman's pat- 
ent, 1864. 
Statutes of the United States, first revised and 

codified, 1873. 
Steam Engine, boiler discovered by Marquis 
of Worcester, 1663. 

Newcomen's engine patented, 1705. 

Perfected by James Watt, 1773, 

High pressure engine invented by Ohver 

Evans (American), 1779. 
Steam vessels, Papin, France, 1707. 
Jonathan Hulls, England, 1736. 

William Henry, Conestoga River, Pa., 

1763. 

I James Rumsey, Bid., 1786. 

John Fitch, Delaware River, 1786. 

Robert Fulton, N. Y. to Albany, 1807. 

Sugar cane first cultivated in U. S., near New 
I Orleans, 1751, first sugar mUl, 1758. 
I Telegraph, first electric, Paddington to Dray- 
I ton, England, 1835. 

Morse's, invented 1835. 

j first in operation in America, Washing- 

I ton to Baltimore, 1844, May 27. 

submarine cable, first laid between 

[ Dover and Calais, 1851. 

first Atlantic cable operated, 1858. 

Telephone (speaking), A. Graham Bell, first 
presented Phila. Centennial Exhibition, 1876: 
practically successful as a telegraph, 1877, 
May 14. 

Telescope, invented 1608. 

Tobacco introduced into England from Vir- 
ginia, 1583. 

Vaccination discovered by Dr. Jenner, Eng- 
land, 1796. 



OF PEACTICAL INFORMATION. 



37 



Washington inaugurated first President, 1780, 

April 30. 
Watclies first made in Nuremburg, 1477. 
Waterloo, battle of, 1815, June 18. 



Yellowstone National Park, Act of Congress, 
1871, Feb. 28. 

Yoi'ktown, surrender of Cornwallis to Wash- 
ington, 1781, Oct. 19. 



DATES OF ADMISSION 

OF THE STATES TO THE UNION, WITH THEIR AREA IN SQUARE MILES AND ACRES. 



The Thirteen Original States. 



Ratified the 
Constitution. 




Area of the Original States. 



In Square Miles. In Acres. 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . . 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York.. 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina.. 
South Carohna . . 



9,280 
7,800 
1,806 
4,750 
47,000 
8..320 
40,000 
2,120 
11,124 
61, .352 
50,704 
:J4,ii00 
58,000 



5,989,200 
4,992,000 
835,840 
3.040,000 
30;080,000 
5,324,800 
39,440,000 
1,356,800 
7,n9,.360 
39,265,280 
32,450,560 
21,760,000 
37,120,000 



States Admitted. 



Date of Act 
Organizing 
Territory. 



Kentucky (Out of Va.) 

Vermont outof N.H.& n.y. 

Tennessee (Out of N. C.) 

Oliio Ordn'eof 1787 

Louisiana March 3. 1805 

Indiana ' May 7, 1800 

Mississippi ' April 7, 1798 

Ilhnois j Feb. 3,1809 

Alabama March 3, 1817 

Maine j (Out of Mass.) 

Missouri I June 4, 1812 

Arkansas March 2, 1819 

Michigan Jan. 11, 1805 

Florida Mar. 30, 1822 

Iowa i June 12, 1838 

Texas I (Annexed.) 

Wisconsin April 20, 1836 

California (Fr'm Mexico) 

Minnesota March 3, 1849 

Oregon : Aug. 14, 1H48 

Kansas May 30, 1854 

West Virginia \ (Oiit of Va.) 

Nevada i March 2, 1861 

Nebraska ' May 30, 18.54 

Colorado ! Feb. 28, 1801 

j 



Date of Act 

Admitting 

State. 



Date Admis- 
sion Took 
Effect. 



' Area of 
Admitted States 
and Territories. 



Ii?.,Sq- : In Acres. 



Feb. 
Feb. 
June 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Mar. 
Mar. 



4, 1791 
18, 1791 

1, 1796 
30, 1802 

8, 1812 
11, 1816 
10, 1817 

3, 1818 
14, 1819 

3, 1820 

2, 1821 



Jan 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Sept. 

May 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Dec. 

Mar. 

Feb. 

Mar. 



26, 18.37 
3, 1845 
3, 1815 
1, 1845 

3, 1817 
9, 18,50 

4, 18.58 
14, 1859 
29, 1861 
31, 1862 
21, 1864 

9, 1867 
3, 1875 



June 15, 18.36 



June 
Mar. 
June 
Nov. 
Apr. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Mar. 
Aug. 
June 
Jan. 
Mar. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Mar 
Sept. 
Slay 
Feb. 
Jan. 
June 
Oct. 
Mar. 
Aug. 



1, 1792 
4, 1791 
1, 1796 

29, 1802 

30, 1812 
11, 1816 
10, 1817 

3, 1818 

14, 1819 

15, 1820 

10, 1821 
15, 1836 
26, 1«37 

3, 1845 
2^^, 1846 
29, 1845 
29. 1848 

9. 1850 

11, 1858 
14, 1853 
21. 1861 
19, 1863 

31, 1864 
1, 1867 
1, 1876 



9.612 

1 45;600 
; 39,964 
41,346 
33,809 
47,156 
55,410 
50,v22 
35,000 
65,350 
i 52,198 
i .50,451 
: .59,268 
55,045 
274,356 
53.924 
1.57,801 
83,.531 
95,274 
80,891 
23,000 
112,090 
75,995 
104,.500 



24,115,200 
6,151,080 
29,184,000 
25,576,960 
26,461,440 
21.637,760 
30;i79,840 
35,462,400 
32,462,080 
22,400,000 
41,824.000 
33,406,720 
36,128,640 
37,931,520 
35,238,800 

17.5,587,840 
34,511,360 

100,992,640 
53,459,840 
60,9';5,.360 
51,770,340 
14,720,000 
71,737,600 
48,(i36,800 
66,880.000 



38 



THE INYEKTOR S MANUAL 



OEGiiNIZATION AISB AREA OF TERRITORIES.. 



Territokies. 



Area of the Territories. 



Act Organizing 
Teriitory. 



In Square Miles. In Acres, 



New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Dakota 

Arizona 

Idaho 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Indian 

District of Columbia • 

Alaska 



Sept. 
I Sept. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Feb. 
iVIar.' 
May 



9, 1850 
9, 18.50 
2, 18.53 

2, 18bl 
24, 186.3 

3, 1863 
26, 1864 

July 25, 1868 
.lune 30, 1864 
.July 16, 1790 
JIar. 3, 1791 
July 27, 1868 



121,201 
84,476 
69,994 

1.50,933 

113,016 
86,294 

143,776 

97,833 

C8,991 

t64 

577,390 



77,568,640 
54,064,640 
44,796,160 
96,596,480 
72,906,304 
55,228,160 
92,016,640 
62,645,120 
44,154,240 
41,060 
365,.529.600 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. FROM 1789-1883. 



George Washington 



.John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson. 



James Madison. 



James Monroe . 



John Quincy Adam.s 
Andrew Jat-ksou 

Martin Van Bin-oji. . 
Wm. ETenry Ilariisd; 
John Tyler 



James Iv. Polk... 
Zaehary Taylor 
Millard Fillmore. 
Franklin Pierce . 



James Buchanan . 
Abraham Lincohi 



Andrew Johnson 
Ulysses S. Grant 



Ruthei'ford B. Hayes 

James A. Garfifld 

Chester A.Arthur.... 



Qualified. 



April 


30, 1789 


Mar. 


4, 1793 


Mar. 


4, 1797 


IVIar. 


4, 1801 


iVIar, 


4, 1805 


iVIar. 


4, 1809 


Mar. 


4, 1S13 


3Iar. 


4, 1817 


M.nr. 


.5, 1821 


:War. 


4, 1825 


Mar 


4, 1829 


.M.ir, 


4, 1833 


.War. 


4, 1837 


Max: 


4, 1841 


April 


6, 1841 


Mar. 


4, 1845 


IVIar. 


5, 1849 


.lulv 


10, 18.50 


Mar. 


4, 1853 


3Iar. 


4, 18.57 


Jlar. 


4, LSUl 


.Mar. 


-I, J 805 


April 


1.3, 1865 


Ma.r. 


4, 1869 


Mar. 


4, 1873 


l^TnT. 


5, 1877 


IVlar. 


4. 1881 


Sept. 


20, 1881 



Vice-Presidents. 



Thomas Jefferson 

Aaron Burr 

George Clinton 



Elbridge Gerry 

*John Gaillard 

Daniel D. Tomplcius 

John C. Calhoun 



Martin Van Bin-en 

Richard M. Johnson.. 

John Tyler 

*Samuei L. Southard. . 
*WilUe P. Mangum 

George M. Dallas 

Millard Fillmore.. 

*Winiam R. King 

William R. King 

*David R. Atchison 

*JesseD. Bright 

John C. Breckinridge . 

Hannibal Hamlin 

Andrew Johnson 

*Lafayette S. Foster . . . 
'■'Benjamin F. Wade 

Schuyler Colfax 

Henry Wilson 

*Thomas W. Ferry 

William A. Wheeler. . . 

Chester A. Arthur 

*David Davis 



Qualified. 



Jime 

Dee. 

March 

March 

March 

March 

March 

Nov. 

March 

March 

March 

March 

March 

March 

March 

April 

May 

March 

March 

July 

March 

April 

Dec. 

March 

March 

March 

April 

March 

March 

March 

Nov. 

March 

Blarch 

Oct. 



3, 1789 

3, 1793 
4, 1797 

4, 1801 
4, 1805 
4, 1809 
4, 1813 

25, 1814 

4, 1817 

5, 1821 
4, 1825 
4, 1829 
4, 1833 
4, 1837 
4, 1841 

6, 1841 
31, 1842 

4, 1845 

5, 1849 
11, 1850 

4, 1853 
18, 1853 

5, 1854 
4, 1857 
4, 1861 
4, 1865 

15, 1865 
2, 1867 
4, 1869 

4, 1873 
22, 1875 

5, 1877 
4, 1881 

14, 1881 



*Acting Vice-President and President /?-<? icyii. of tl;e Seiifife. 



OF PllACTICAL INFORMATION. 



39 



STATE CAPITALS AND GOVERNORS IN 1882. 



Montgomery 
Little Rock.. 
Sacramento . 

Denver 

Hartford 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

Califurnia 

Colurailo 

Connectirut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Loviisiana 

Maine 

3Iaryland i Annapol 

31as'sachiisetts Boston 



Rufus W. Cobb D. 

Tho's J. OhurchiU....D. 

George O Perkins R. 

Fred'k W.Pitkin R. 

Hobart B. Bigelow. . .R. 



Dover ! John W. Hall. 



.D. 



Michigan 



Tallahassee . . , 

Atlanta 

Springtield . . . 
IndianapoUs. 
Des Moines. . . 

Topeka . 

Frankfort 

Baton Rouge . 

Augusta Harris M. Plaisted . . . D . 

Wm. T. Hamilton . . . . D . 

John D. Long R. 



Wm. D. Bloxham... D. 
Alfred H. Colquitt.... D. 
Shelby M. CuIlom....R. 

iUbert G. Porter R. 

John H. Gear R. 

John P. St. John R. 

L. P. Blackbm-n D. 

Louis A. Wiltz D. 



Lansing • David H. Jerome . 



Minnesota St. Paul 

Jlississippi Jackson 

Missouri .Jefferson City 

Nebraska Lincoln 

Nevada Carson ( Mty 

New Hanipshi]-e ('oncord 

New Jersey , Trenton 

New York Alljanj 

North Carolina Raleigh 

Ohio Columbus 

Oregon Salem 

Pennsylvania Harrisbnrg i Henry M. Hoyt 

Rhode Island i Newport & Providence | A. H. Littlelield 



.R. 




John S. Pilsbury R. 

JohnM. Stone D. 

Thos. T. Crittenden ..D. 

Albinus Nance R. 

John H. Kinkead R. 

Charles H. Bell R. 

George C. Ludlow . . .D. 
Alonzo B. Cornell ..R. 

Thomas J. Jarvis D . 

Charles Foster R. 

William W. Thayer.. D. 

R. 

R. 



South Carohna i Columbia 

Tennessee ■ Nashvillet 

Texas | Austin ..... 

Vermont Montpelier 

Virginia Richmond . 

AVest Virginia Wheeling Jacob B. Jackson — D 

Wisconsin Madison I WiUiam E. Smith R 



Johnson Hagood D 

Alvin Hawkins R 

Oran M. Roberts D. 

Roswell FarnhaHK R. 

F. W. M. Holliday....D. 



GOVERNORS OF THE TERRITORIES IN 1882. 



Territory. 


Capital. 


Governor. 












Neh. G. Ordway R. 

John B.Neil R. 

Ben jaminF. Potts.... R 
Lewis WaUace R' 


Idaho 


Boise City 

Helena 




Santa Fe 

Salt Lake City 

Olympia 


Utah 


Eh H. Mm-ray R" 


Washington 


William A Newell R- 




John W. Hoyt R- 









POPULATION OF THE CHIEF CITIES OF THE WORLD. 



London 


3,900,000 


Constantinople . . . 


.. 1,000,000 


Glasgow 


. . . 600,000 


Paris 


. ... 5,000,000 


Berlin 


. 966,858 


Liverpool 


. . . 5-35,000' 


Pekin 


1,600.000 


Philadelphia . ... 


. 846,930 


Madrid 


. . . 350,000 


Canton 


1,500,000 


Calcutta 


. 84^,429 


Shanghai 


. . . 3-30,000 


New York.... 


1,306,577 


Tokio 


. 725,0.10 


Rome 


. . . 275,000 


Vienna 


I,0;i0,;70 


St. Petersburgh . 


. 700,000 


Rio de Janeiro .... 


. . 260,000 



40 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL 



SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Chief Justices. 



Associate Justices. 



John Jay. 



John Riitledge . 
Oliver Ellsworth 



John Marshall. 



Roger B. Taney . 



Salmon P. Chase . 



Morrison R. Waite 



John Rulledge 

WiUiam Cushing . . 
James Wilson . . . . 

John Blair 

Roh't H. Harrison. 

James Iredell 

Thomas Johnson.. 
AVilliam Patterson. 



Samuel Chase 



Bushr'd Washington 
Alfred Moore 



William Johnson . . . 
Brockh't Livingston 

Thomas Todd 

Joseph Story 

Gabriel Duval 

Smith Thompson. . . 

Robert Trimble 

John McLean 

Henry Baldwin 

James M. Wayne 



Phihp P. Barbour ... 16 

John Catron 

John McKinley . . . 

Peter V. Daniel 22 

Samuel Nelson IT 

Levi Woodbury 1.5 

Robert C. Griei- : 20 

Benj. R. Curtis 27 

John A. Campbell . . . ! 24 

Nathan Clifford j 29 

Noah H. Swayne I 19 

Samuel F. Miller .... i 25 

David Davis I 30 

Stephen J. Field ] .. 



State 

Whence 

Appointed. 



Term of f,% 
Service, g 53 



New York . 
S. Carolina 



William Strong 1 28 

Joseph P. Bradley. ..| .. 
Ward Hunt " 26 



John M. Harlan . . . . [ 34 
William B.Woods...' 36 



Penn 

Virginia 

Maryland . . . 
N. Carolina 
Maryland . . . 
New Jersey 
S. Carolina . 
Maryland. .. 
Connecticut 

Virginia 

N. Carohna. 

Virginia 

S. Carolina . 
New York . . 
Kentucky .. 

Mass 

Maryland . . . 
New York . . 
Kentucky .. 

Ohio 

Penn 

Geoi-gia . . . 
Maryland. .. 

Virginia 

Tennessee . . 
Alabama . . . 

Virginia 

New York . . 
New Hamp. 

Penn 

Mass 

Alabama.. . 

Maine 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Illinois 

California . . 

Ohio 

Penn 

New Jersey. 
New York . . 

Ohio 

Kentucky . . 
Georgia 



1789-1795 


6 


1745 1 


1789-1791 


2 




1789-1810 


21 


1733 


1789-1708 


9 


1742 


1 789-1796 


7 


1732 


1789-1790 


1 


1745 


1790-1799 


9 


1751 


1791-1793 


2 


1732 


1793-1806 


13 


1745 


1795-1795 




1739 


1796-1811 


15 


1741 


1796-1801 


5 


1745 


1798-1829 


31 


1762 


1799-1804 


5 


1755 


1801-1835 


34 


1755 


1804-1834 


30 


1771 


1806-1823 


17 


1757 


1807-1826 


19 


1765 


1811-1845 


34 


1779 


1811-1836 


25 


1752 


182.3-1845 




1767 


1826-1828 


2 


1777 


1829-1801 


32 


1785 


1830-1846 


16 


1779 


183.5-1867 


32 


1790 


1836-1864 


28 


1777 


1836-1841 


5 


1783 


1837-1865 


28 


1778 


1837-1852 


15 


1780 


1841-1860 


19 


1785 


1845-1872 


27 


1792 


184.5-1851 


6 


1789 


1840-1869 


23 


1794 


1851-18.57 


6 


1809 


18.53-1861 


S 


1811 


18.58-1881 




1803 


1861-.... 




1805 


1862-.... 




1816 


1862-1877 


15 


1815 


1866-.... 




1816 


1864-1873 


9 


1808 


1870-1880 


10 


1808 


1S70-.... 




1813 


1.S72-.,.. 




1811 


1874- . . 




1816 


1H77-.... 




1833 


1880-.... 




1826 



1829 
1800 
1810 
1798 
1800 
1790 
1799 
1819 
1806 
1800 
1811 
1807 
182Q 
181, 
183N 
1834 
1823 
1826 
1845 
1844 
1845 
1828 
1861 
1846 
1867 
1864 
1841 
1865 
18.52 
1860 
1873 
1851 
187'0 
1874 

'188I1 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES Al EACH CENSUS, 
PROM 1790 TO 1880. 



1790. 


3,929,214 


1840. 


17,069,453 



1800. 
5,308,483 


1810. 
7,239,881 


9,633,822 


1830. 
12,866,020 


1850. 
23,191,876 


1860. i 1870. 
31,443,321 1 38,558,371 


1880. 
50,1.52,866 



OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 



41 



TABLE SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE CHIEF AMERICAN 
CITIES. 



5,349 



200 



359 



Albany . . . 
Alleghany 

Baltimore i 13,503' 26,614 

Boston • 18,038 24,027 

Brooklyn 1,003 3,298 

Buffalo ! 

Cambridge 2,115, 2,453 

Chicago 

Cincinnati i 750 

Cleveland I 

Columbus 

Detroit 

Indianapolis . 
Jersey City . . . 
Kansas City... 

Louisville 

Lowell 

Milwaukee ... 

Newark 

New Haven . . . 
New Orleans. . 

New York 

Paterson 

Philadelphia . 

Pittsburg 

Providence . . . 

Richmond 

Rochester 

St. Louis 

San Francisco 

Syracuse 

Toledo 

Troy 

Washington .. 
Worcester 



42,520 



3,761 



9,350 



46,.555 
32,2.50 
4,402 
1,.508 
2,323 



62,738 
43,298 
7,175 
2,095 
3,295 



2,540 

547 



1,35 



1,565 
7,614 
5,537 



5,772 
17,242 



96,664 
4,768 

10,071 
9,735 



4,926 

8,208 
2,577 



1,644 



1,450 
1,422 



33,721 



12,042 36,233 
8,653 18,213 



6.078 



.2-1,831 
1,076 
2,437 
2,222 
,1,9241 



8,409 
4,479 
46,338 
6,071 
6,048 
9,102 
2,692 
3,072 



10,352 
6,474 



6,507 
7,147 
27,1 
123,706 



108,116 
7,248 
11.767 
12,046 
1,502 
4.598 



21,210 
20,796 

I 1,700 

10,953: 17,290 
10,180' 14,890 
46,3101 102,193 
203,007 1 312,710 
i 7,596 



1,814 



21,115 
23,171 
20,153 
20,191 
16,469 
500 
11,014 

1,222 
19,3.34 
23,364 

7,497 



50,763: 

21,261 { 
169,054 
136,8811 
96,838' 
42,261 1 
15,2151 
29,963! 
115,4.36 
17,0341 
17 
21,019 
8,034 



43,194 
33,383 
20,061 
38,894 
20,345 
116,375 
515,.547 
11,334 
340,045 
46,601 
41,513 
27,570 
36,403 
77,860 
34,776 
22,271 



62,367 

28,702 
212,418 
177,812 
266,661 
81,129 
26,060 
109,260 
161,044 
43,417 
18,629 
45,619 
18,611 
29,226 
4,418 
68,033 
36,827 
45,246 
71,914 
39,267 
168,675 
805,651 
19,588 
562,529 
49,217 
50,666 
37,910 
48,204 
160,773 

28;il9 



69,422 
53,180 
267,354 
250,.526 
396,099 
117,714 
39,634 
298,977i 
216,239: 
92,829: 
31,2741 
79,577 
48,244 
82,546 
32,260 
100,753 
40,928 
71,440 
105,059 
50,840 
191,418 
942,292 
33,579 
674,022 
86,076 
68,904 

62^386 
310,864 
149,473 
43,051 
31,584 
40,465 
109,199 
41,105 



87,.584 

78,472 
332,190 
362,535 
566,689 
149,500 

.52,740 
503,053 
255,809 
155,946 

51,337 
116,027 

75,031 
120,728 

55,813 
126,566 



215,239 
1,206,577 
50.887 
846,980 
153,883 
104,852 
64,670 
87,057 
350,522 
233,066 
51,791 
50,143 
56,747 
147,307 
58,295 



THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS. 



Argentine Republic . . . 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Austria proper 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Canada 

ChiU 

China 

Columbia 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

France 

Germany (all the States) 
Great Britain & Ireland. 

Greece 

Guiana 

Hawaii 

Himgary pioper 

India, British 



Imports. 



$44,1 



000 
500,000 



Exports. 



$47,765,000 
156,.384,280^ 
352,700,000' 



476,760,000 

5,000,000 

111,211,338 

96,960,195 

29,279,112 

105,000,000 

10,787,654 

57,241,360 

7,596,264 

25,655,000 

918,967,400 

930,675,000 

,814,999,375 1 

29,101,400 

1,811,770 

3,046,000 



224,: 



401,940,000i 
5,647,0001 
89,110,116: 

29;784;i95i 

101,252,000' 

13,711,-511 

45,966,600; 

8,684,331 

68,918,000 

632,618,000, 

729,100,000| 

,243,916,820! 

17,992,000! 

2,241,040 

3,548,000. 



165 .324,595,525' 



Imports. I Exports. 



Italy. 



Luxembourg . 

Mexico 

Netherlands . . 

Norway 

Paraguay 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal 

Prussia 

Roumania 

Russia 

Servia 

Siani 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland . . 

Turkey 

United States . 

Uruguay 

Venezuela.. .. 



I $252,330,285 $221,.383,855 
32,508,367 28,364,000 



29,062,407 


31,659,151 


.305,416,000 


226,750,000 


36,500,000 


25,000,000 


565,595 


607.653 


5,625,000 


2,813,000 


24,179,094 


57,500,000 


38,131,520 


26,448,600 


50,896,526 


47,730,301 


365,426,400 


286,484,000 


6,197,000 


5,500,000 


7,100,000 


8,300,000 


66,670,000 


75,564,000 


85,906,800 


62,532,960 


Not given. 


Not given. 


72,430,000 


51,000,000 


7'60,989,056 


852,781,577 


15.928,000 


17,442,000 


14,800,000 


11,300,000 



43 



THE INVENTOK S MANUAL 



TELEGRAPHS OP TEE U. S. 

THE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO. 



Year. 


Miles of 
Line. 


Miles of 
Wire. 


No. of 
Offices. 


1866 

1867 

1868 


37,380 
46,27'0 
50,183 
52,099 
54,109 
56,032 

65'757 
71,585 


75,686 
85,291 
97,594 
104,584 
112,191 
121,151 
137,190 
154,472 
175,735 


2,250 
2,565 
3,219 
3,607 
3,972 
4,606 
5,237 
5,740 
6,188 


1869 


1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 



Year. 


Miles of 
Line. 


Miles of 
Wire. 


No. of 
Offices. 


1875.- 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

AU other Co.'s. 


, 73;.533 
76,955 
81,002 
82,987 
85,645 
33,743 


179,496 
183.832 
194,323 
206,202 
211,566 
233,534 
99,305 


6,565 
7,072 
7,500 
8,014 
8,534 
9,077 
2,415 


Total 


■ 119,388 


332,839 


11,492 







This does not include railway, government and private lines, the length of which cannot 
be accurately ascertained. 



THE RAILROADS OF THE WORLD. 

MILES OF LINE. 



1. North ' 

America, j 



United States. 

Canada 

Blexico 



86,497 

6,484 

678 



South. 

America. 



Honduras 

Costa Rica 

Cuba (Spanish) 

Jamaica (British) . . . 
Panama (Colombia). 



Bolivia 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Venezuela 

Guiana (British) 

Brazil 

Peru 

Chili 

Argentine Republic. 

Paraguay 

Uruguay 



Great Britain and 

Ireland 

France 

Spain 

Portugal 

Belgium 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Russia 

Germany 

Austria-Hungary .. 



1,060 

31 

64 

76 

70 

21 

1,711 

1,750 

1,049 

1,439 

44 



17,606 

15,287 

4,264 

795 

2,324 

1,199 

849 

3,260 

658 

13,.571 

21,037 

11,471 



4. Europe, 
Continued. 



'( Switzerland 

I Italy 

j Turkey 

I Roumania . . 
i Greece — 



f [ Turkey in Asia 

I India (British) 

I Ceylon (British)... 

Java (Dutch) 

Philippines (Span- 
ish) , 

China 

Japan 



Egypt 

Tunis 

Algeria (French) — 
Cape Colony (Brit- 
ish) 

Namaqualand 

Natal (British) 

Mauritius 



7. Australia. 



New South Wales. 

Queensland 

Victoria 

South Australia . . . 
Western Australia. 

Tasmania 

New Zealand 



Grand Total 218,861 



B,615 
108 
499 

279 



67 
9,818 



OP PEACTICAL INFORMATION. 



48 



TABLE SHOWING VAEIATI0N8 OF TIME AND DISTANCES FROM 
NEW TOBK CITY, TO PEINCIPAL PLACES IN THE U. S. 



Names of Cities. 



« 9 

<L> O . 



Albany, N. Y 12.01 P.M. 

Atlanta, Ga 11.18 A.M. 

Aubm-n, N. Y 11.50 A.M. 

Baltimore, Md 11.50 A.M. 

Bangor, Me 12.21 P.M. 

Boston, Mass 12.12 P.M. 

Bridgeport, Conn 12.03 P.M. 

Brooklyn, N. Y 12.00 M. 

Buffalo, N. Y 11.40 A.M. 

Burlington, Iowa 10. .51 A.M. 

Burlington, Vi 12.0.3 P.M. 

Charleston, S. C 11.36 A.M. 

Chicago, 111 11.05 A.M. 

Cincinnati, O 11.18 A.M. 

Cleveland, O 11.29 A.M. 

Columbus, O 11.24 A.M. 

Concord, N. H 12.10 P.M. 

Council Bluffs, Iowa 10.34 A.M. 

Davenport, Iowa 10.53 A.M. 

Dayton, O 11.19 A.M. 

Denver, Col 9.-57 A.M. 

Des Moines, Iowa 10.42 A.M. 

Detroit, Mich 11.24 A.M. 

Dubuque, Iowa 10.54 A.M. 

Easton, Pa 11.55 A.M. 

Elmira; N. Y 11.49 A.M. 

Evansville, Ind : 11.07 A.M. 

Fort Wayne, Ind 11.15 A.M. 

Galveston. Tex i 10.37 A.M. 

Harrisburg, Pa i 11.49 A.M. 

~ " " " ' 12.05 P.M. 

11.12 P.M. 

10.37 A.M. 

10.50 A.M. 

10.37 A.M. 

10.47 A.M. 

11.14 A.BI. 

12.10 P.M. 

10..55 A.M. 

11.05 A.M. 

11.04 A.M. 



Hartford, Conn 

IndianqpoUs, Ind.. 
Kansas City, Mo . . . 

Keokuk, Iowa 

Leavenworth, Kan . 
Little Rock, Ark... 

LouisvUle, Ky 

Lowell, Mass 

Memphis, Tenn . . . . 
Milwaukee, Wis . . . . 
Mobile, Ala 






Miles. 
145 



2 

424 

1.120 

.302 

804 

913 

758 

585 

639 

274 

1.389 

1,096 

709 

1,982 

1,27'0 

776 

1,103 

76 

275 



183 

113 

826 

1,343 

1,128 

1^411 

245 
1,245 



Names of Cities. 



Montgomery, Ala 11.10 

Nashville, Tenn 11 .09 

Newark, N. J 11.59 

Newburgh, N. Y 12.00 

Newburyport, Mass 12.12 

New Haven, Conn 12.04 

New Orleans. La 10..^ 

Newport, R. 1 12.11 

Norfolk, Va 11.51 

Northampton, Mass 12.05 

Norwich, Conn 12.07 

Ogdensburg, N. Y 11.54 

Omaha, Neb 10.32 

Philadelphia, Pa 11.55 

Pittsburg, Pa 

Pittsfield, Mass 

Portland, Me 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Providence, R. I 

Richmond, Va.^ 

Rochester, N. "i 

Sacramento, Cal 

St. Louis. Mo 

St. Paul, Minn 

Salt Lake City, Utah 

San Antonio, Tex 

San Francisco, Cal. . 

Savannah, Ga 

Springfield, lU 

Springfield, Mass. . . . 

Syracuse, N. Y 

Terra Haute, Ind .... 

Toledo, O 

Trenton, N. J 

Troy, N. Y i 11.58 

Utica, N. Y 11.56 

Vicksburg, Miss ' 10.53 

Washington, D. C 11.48 

■Wheeling, W. Va ' 11.33 

Wilmington, Del 11.54 

Worcester, Mass 12.10 






12.02 

12.15 
12.00 
12.10 
11.46 
11.43 
8..50 
10..55 
10.44 



10.23 
8.46 
11.32 
10..58 
12.05 
11.51 
11,07 
11.22 
11..54 



A.BI. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
■M. 
P.M. 
P.M. 
A.M. 
P.M. 
A.M. 
P.M. 
P.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
P.M. 
P.M. 
M. 
P.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
P.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
A.M. 
P.M. 






Miles. 

1,0.56 

1,053 

10 

63 

270 

77 

1,377 

185 

372 

156 

140 

374 

1,406 



374 
3,183 
1,066 
1,322 
2,476 
1,952 
3,273 

919 
1,032 



706 
58 
15] 



THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD. 



Argentine Republic . 

Austria-Hungai-y 

Belgium 

Bohvia 

Brazil 

Canada (Dominion) . . 

Chih 

China 

Denmark 

Egypt 

France 

Germany 

Gt. Britain & Ireland 
Greece 



No. of 
Vessels. 



No. of 
Men. 



6,184 
' ' '840 
1,125 



50,517 

8,051 

81,447 

652 



Italy 

Japan 

Mexico 

Netherlands . . 

Norway 

Peru 

Portugal 

Roumania — 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Turkey 

United States 



No. of 
Vessels. 



21 
4 
105 
119 
18 
37 
9 
223 
138 
141 
170 
146 



No. of 
Men. 



11,880 
3,944 



4,996 
4,342 



14,648 
6,141 
6,000 



44 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL 



RULERS OF THE PBINGIPAL NATIONS OP THE WORLD 1882. 



Governments. 



Argentine Republic. 
Austria-Hungaiy . . . 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 



Chili 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rioa 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

France 

Germany 

Alsace-Lorraine 

Anhalt 

Baden 

Bavaria 

Bremen 

Brunswick 

Hambui'g 

Hesse 

Lippe 

Lubeck 

Mecklemburg-Si 'h werin 

Mecklemburg-Streiitz . . . 

Oldenburg 

Prussia 

Reuss-Griez 

Reuss-Schleitz 

Saxe-Altenburg 

Saxe-Coburg and Gotlia 

Saxe-Meiningen 

Saxe- Weimar Eisenach . 

Saxony 

Schaumburg-Lippe i 

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt [ 

Schwarzbm-g-Sondershausen . 

Waldeck 

Wurtemberg 

Great Britain and Ireland 

Greece 

Gautemala 

Haiti 

Hawatian Islands 

Honduras 

Italy 

Japan 

Mexico 

Morocco 1 

Netherlands | 

Nicaragua j 

Paraguay 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Salvadore 

Santo Domingo. 
Servia 



Julio A. Roca 

Franz Joseph I 

Leopold II 

Nicolas Oampero 

Pedro II. Alcdntara 

Anibal Pinto 

Kwong Shu 

R. Nuilez 

Tomas Guard i a 

Christian IX 

Jos6 de Vintimilla 

Frangois P.Jules Grgvy. 

Wilhelm I 

P. M. Bai-on Manteuffel. 

Friedrich 

Friedrich I 

Ludwig II 



Wilhelm I. 



Ludwig IV 

G. F. Waldemar 



Spain 

Sweden and Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Egypt 

United States 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 



Friedrich Franz II. . . 
Friedrich Wilhelm . . . 

Peter 

Wilhelm I 

Henrich XXII 

Henrich XIV 

Ernst 

Ernst II 

Georg II 

Karl Alexander 

Albert 

Adolf 

Georg 

Giinther III 

Georg Victor 

Karl I 

Victoria I 

Georgios I 

J. Rufiuo Barrios 

Gen. Salomon 

Kalakaua I 

M. A. Soto 

Humbert I 

Mutsu Hito 

Manuel Gonzalez 

Muley-Hassan 

Willemlll 

Joaquin Zavala 

Candido Bareiro 

Nassr-ed-deen 

Nicolo Pierola 

Luis I 

Karl I. Domnu 

Alexander II 

Rafael Zaldivar 

F. A. de Moreno 

Milan IV. Obrenovic. 

Alfonso XII 

Oscar II 

Numa Droz 

Abdul-Hamid-Khan . . 

Tewfik Pacha 

Chester A. Arthur 

F. A. Vidal 

Guzman Blanco 



President 

Emperor 

Iflng 

President 

Emperor 

President 

Emperor 

President 

President 

King 

President 

President 

Emperor 

Oberprasid't . . . 

Duke 

Grand Dulce 

King 

Burgomasters . . 

Duke 

Burgomasters . , 
Grand Duke — 

Prince 

Burgomasters . , 

Grand Duke 

Grand Duke 

Grand Duke. , 

King 

Prince , 

Prince 

Duke 

Duke 

Duke 

Gi-and Duke 

King 

Prince 

Prince 

Prince 

Prince 

King 

Queen &E. of I 

King 

President 

President 

King 

President 

King 

Mikado 

President 

Sultan 

King 

President 

President 

Shah 

President 

King 

Prince 

Emperor 

President 

President 

Prince 

King 

King 

President 

Sultan 

Khedive 

President 

President 

President 



^S 



Date of 
Accession. 



June 
Dee. 
Dec. 
June 
April 
Sept, 
Jan. 
April 



— 1830 
2, 1848 
10, 1865 
1, 1880 
7, 1831 
18, 1876 
18, 1875 
1, 1880 
Provisional. 
Nov. 15, 1863 
Sept. 8, 1876 
Jan. 30, 1879 
Jan. 18, 1871 

■ , 1880 

May 22, 1871 
April 24, 1852 
Mar. 10, 1864 



April 20, 1831 



Jmie 13, 1877 
Dec. 8, 1875 



Mar. 
Sept, 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Nov. 
July 
Aug. 
Jan. 
Sept. 20, 



7, 1842 
6, 1860 

27, 1853 

2, 1861 

8, 1859 
10, 1867 

3, 1853 



!, 1853 
29, 1873 
21, 1860 



July 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 26, 1869 

July 17, 1880 

May 14, 1845 

June 25, 1864 

June 20, 1837 

June 6, 1863 

May 7, 1873 

Nov. 25, 1879 



12, 1874 
29, 1877 

9, 1878 

13, 1867 

1, 1880 
Sept. 25, 1873 
Mar. 17, 1849 
Mar. 1, 1879 
April 12, 1878 
Sept. 10, 1848 
Dec. 23, 1879 
Nov. 11, 1861 

10, 1866 

2, 1855 
April 30, 1876 
July 23, 1880 
July 2, 1868 
Dec. 30, 1874 
Sep!.. 18, 1872 
Jan. 1, 1881 
Aug. 31, 1876 
June 25, 1879 
Sept. 20, 1881 
Mar. 17, 1880 
Feb. 26, 1879 



Feb. 
May 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Dec. 



May 
Mar. 



OP PRACTICAL INFOKMATION. 



45 



TEE ARMIES OF THE WORLD. 



Austria-Hungary. . 
Argentine Republic 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chili 

China 

Colombia 

Denmark 

Egypt 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain 

Greece 

India, British 

Italy 

Japan 



Strength of Army. 



War 
Footing. Footing. 



46,277 
4,022 

16,500 
3,000 
3.516 
700,000 
2,600 



470,600 
419,659 
133,720 
12,397 
58,170 
199,577 



1,260. 

3o: 

50. 



Luxembourg . 

Mexico 

Netherlands. 

Norway 

Persia." 

Peru 

Portugal 

Eoumania 

Russia 

Servia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland . . 

Turkey 

United States 

Uruguay 

Venezuela — 



Strength of Army. 



War 
Footing. Footing. 



513 

22,387 

12',750 
28,400 
13,200 
35,733 
130,158 
787,900 
14,150 
330,000 
36,495 
106,102 
157,667 
26,914 
4,060 
5,494 



160,000 
18,000 
108,500 



75,000 
144,668 

1,671,674 
150,000 
400,000 
156,970 
203,262 
618,100 

3,759,693 
24,000 



VALUE OF STANDARD MONET OF TEE PRINCIPAL FOREIGN 
NATIONS IN U. S MONEY. 





Austria. 




Germany. 




Spain. 




Florin.. 




.. 41c. 


Mark 23c. 


Peseta. 




. 19c. 




Belgium. 




Great Britain. 




Sweden. 




Franc. . 




.. 19e. 


Pound Sterling $4 86c. 


Crown. 




.. 26c. 




Denmark. 




Italy. 




Switzerland. 




Crown. 




.. 26c. 


Lira 19c. 


Franc . 




.. 19c. 




France. 




Russia. 








Franc. 




... 19c. 


Roubles 74c. 









